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Rainbow Trout (steelhead) |
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Name and Code |
Family |
Salmonidae - trouts and salmons |
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Species |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
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Taxonomic Authority |
(Walbaum 1792) |
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Common Name(s) |
Rainbow Trout (steelhead) |
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French Name |
truite arc-en-ciel |
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Conservation Status |
Global Rank (GRank) |
G5 (2016-05-10) |
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National Rank (NRank) |
N5B, N5N, N5M (2017-12-27) |
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Provincial Rank (SRank) |
SNA (2011-05-06) |
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Ecological Value |
Ontario Origin |
introduced |
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Economic Importance |
sport fish |
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Length-Weight Regression Coefficents |
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Habitat and Feeding |
General Habitat(s) |
lacustrine; riverine |
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Environment |
benthopelagic |
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Trophic Class |
invertivore/carnivore |
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Habitat Preference |
mid-waters of lakes; creeks and rivers with moderate flow, gravelly bottoms and riffle-pool habitat; preferred water temperature range 12-18°C |
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Reproduction |
Reproductive Guild |
Nonguarders: Brood hiders: Lithophils |
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Spawning Habitat(s) |
riverine |
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Spawning Month(s) |
March-May |
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Spawning Temperature (°C) |
4-10 |
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Nursery Habitat(s) |
riverine |
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Size and Age |
Adult Length (cm) |
17.8-73.4 TL |
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Adult Weight (kg) |
0.05-4.0 |
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Age at Maturity (yrs) |
2-4 (m); 3-5 (f) |
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Maximum Length (cm) |
123.2 TL |
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Maximum Weight (kg) |
25.85 |
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Ontario Records |
Record Length (cm) |
99.3 TL |
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Ontario Range Map |
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Ontario Distribution |
Great Lakes and tributaries, widespread stocking in southern and central Ontario (intentionally introduced) |
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Photographs |
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Notes |
(1) evidence of fall spawning in some Georgian Bay tributaries; indigenous to western North America; anadromous life-strategy for Great Lakes stocks, although entirely freshwater |
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Information Sources |
Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Tolerance and trophic guilds of selected fish species. Appendix C in Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish, second edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Water. Washington, DC. |
Behnke, R.J. 2002. Trout and salmon of North America. The Free Press. New York, NY. viii + 359 pp. |
Bernatchez, L. and M. Giroux. 2000. Les poissons d'eau douce du Québec et leur répartition dans l'Est du Canada. Broquet Inc. Saint-Constant, QC. 350 pp. |
Carlander, K.D. 1969. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Volume one. Life history data on freshwater fishes of the United States and Canada, exclusive of the Perciformes. Iowa State University Press. Ames, IA. vi + 752 pp. |
Coad, B.W. with H. Waszczuk and I. Labignan. 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions. Ottawa and Waterdown, ON. viii + 928 pp. |
Coker, G.A., C.B. Portt, and C.K. Minns. 2001. Morphological and ecological characteristics of Canadian freshwater fishes. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2554: iv + 89 p. |
Cooper, E.L. 1983. Fishes of Pennsylvania and the northeastern United States. Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park and London. vii + 243 pp. |
Cudmore-Vokey, B. and E.J. Crossman. 2000. Checklists of the fish fauna of the Laurentian Great Lakes and their connecting channels. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2550: v + 39 p. |
Desroches, J-F. and I. Picard. 2013. Poissons d'eau douce du Québec et des Maritimes. Éditions Michel Quintin. Waterloo, QC. 471 pp. |
Ditz, K. and E. Holm. 2023. Ontario Fish Species Codes and Names. Ichthyology and Herpetology, Royal Ontario Museum. May 1994. Modified February 2023. |
Goldstein, R.M. and T.P. Simon. 1999. Toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of North American freshwater fishes. Pages 123-202 in T.P. Simon [Ed]. Assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. xx + 671 pp. |
Halliwell, D.B., R.W. Langdon, R.A. Daniels, J.P. Kurtenbach, and R.A. Jacobson. 1999. Classification of freshwater fishes of the northeastern United States for use in the development of indices of biological integrity. Pages 301-337 in T.P. Simon [Ed]. Assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. xx + 671 pp. |
Holm, E., N. Mandrak, and M. Burridge. 2021. A field guide to freshwater fishes of Ontario, second edition. Royal Ontario Museum Science Publication. Toronto, ON. 486 pp. |
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 2023. On-line database. http://www.itis.gov, retrieved 02 May 2023. |
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof. 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Cornol, Switzerland. xiii + 646 p. |
Lane, P.A., C.B. Portt, and C.K. Minns. 1996. Nursery habitat characteristics of Great Lakes fishes. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2338: v + 42 p. |
Lane, P.A., C.B. Portt, and C.K. Minns. 1996. Adult habitat characteristics of Great Lakes fishes. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2358: v + 43 p. |
Lane, P.A., C.B. Portt, and C.K. Minns. 1996. Spawning habitat characteristics of Great Lakes fishes. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2368: v + 48 p. |
Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History Publication 1980-12. Raleigh, NC. x + 867 pp. |
Mandrak, N.E. and E.J. Crossman. 1992. A checklist of Ontario freshwater fishes annotated with distribution maps. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publication. Toronto, ON. v + 176 pp. |
McAllister, D.E. and B.W. Coad. 1974. Fishes of Canada's National Capital Region/Poissons de la rǸgion de la capitale du Canada. Fish. Res. Board Can. Misc. Spec. Publ. 24: 203 pp. |
McPhail, J.D. and C.C. Lindsey. 1970. Freshwater fishes of northwestern Canada and Alaska. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 173. Ottawa, ON. 381 pp. |
NatureServe. 2023. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available https://explorer.natureserve.org/ (Accessed: February 2, 2023). |
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr. 2011. Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico, second edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Boston, MA. xix + 663 pp. |
Page, L.M., H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea, N.E. Mandrak, R.L. Mayden, and J.S. Nelson. 2013. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. 7th Edition. American Fisheries Society, Spec. Publ. 34. Bethesda, MD. 243 pp. |
Portt, C.B., G. Coker, and C.K. Minns. 1999. Riverine Habitat Characteristics of Fishes of the Great Lakes Watershed. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2481: vi + 62 p. |
Scott, W.B. 1967. Freshwater fishes of eastern Canada, second edition. University of Toronto Press. Toronto, ON. xii + 137 pp. |
Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184. [1998 Reprint] Galt House Publications Ltd. Oakville, ON. xx + 966 pp. |
Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott. 1988. Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219. University of Toronto Press. Toronto, ON. xxx + 731 pp. |
Scharpf, C. 2006. Annotated checklist of North American freshwater fishes, including subspecies and undescribed forms. Part II: Catostomidae through Mugilidae. American Currents 32(4):1-39. |
Stewart, K.W. and D.A. Watkinson. 2004. The freshwater fishes of Manitoba. University of Manitoba Press. Winnipeg, MB. xvii + 276 pp. |
Werner, R.G. 2004. Freshwater fishes of the northeastern United States: a field guide. Syracuse University Press. Syracuse, NY. xiv + 335 pp. |
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